Improving data preparation for the application of process mining

Immersed in what is already known as the fourth industrial revolution, automation and data exchange are taking on a particularly relevant role in complex environments, such as industrial manufacturing environments or logistics. This digitisation and transition to the Industry 4.0 paradigm is causing experts to start analysing business processes from other perspectives. Consequently, where management and business intelligence used to dominate, process mining appears as a link, trying to build a bridge between both disciplines to unite and improve them. This new perspective on process analysis helps to improve strategic decision making and competitive capabilities. Process mining brings together data and process perspectives in a single discipline that covers the entire spectrum of process management. Through process mining, and based on observations of their actual operations, organisations can understand the state of their operations, detect deviations, and improve their performance based on what they observe. In this way, process mining is an ally, occupying a large part of current academic and industrial research. However, although this discipline is receiving more and more attention, it presents severe application problems when it is implemented in real environments. The variety of input data in terms of form, content, semantics, and levels of abstraction makes the execution of process mining tasks in industry an iterative, tedious, and manual process, requiring multidisciplinary experts with extensive knowledge of the domain, process management, and data processing. Currently, although there are numerous academic proposals, there are no industrial solutions capable of automating these tasks. For this reason, in this thesis by compendium we address the problem of improving business processes in complex environments thanks to the study of the state-of-the-art and a set of proposals that improve relevant aspects in the life cycle of processes, from the creation of logs, log preparation, process quality assessment, and improvement of business processes. Firstly, for this thesis, a systematic study of the literature was carried out in order to gain an in-depth knowledge of the state-of-the-art in this field, as well as the different challenges faced by this discipline. This in-depth analysis has allowed us to detect a number of challenges that have not been addressed or received insufficient attention, of which three have been selected and presented as the objectives of this thesis. The first challenge is related to the assessment of the quality of input data, known as event logs, since the requeriment of the application of techniques for improving the event log must be based on the level of quality of the initial data, which is why this thesis presents a methodology and a set of metrics that support the expert in selecting which technique to apply to the data according to the quality estimation at each moment, another challenge obtained as a result of our analysis of the literature. Likewise, the use of a set of metrics to evaluate the quality of the resulting process models is also proposed, with the aim of assessing whether improvement in the quality of the input data has a direct impact on the final results. The second challenge identified is the need to improve the input data used in the analysis of business processes. As in any data-driven discipline, the quality of the results strongly depends on the quality of the input data, so the second challenge to be addressed is the improvement of the preparation of event logs. The contribution in this area is the application of natural language processing techniques to relabel activities from textual descriptions of process activities, as well as the application of clustering techniques to help simplify the results, generating more understandable models from a human point of view. Finally, the third challenge detected is related to the process optimisation, so we contribute with an approach for the optimisation of resources associated with business processes, which, through the inclusion of decision-making in the creation of flexible processes, enables significant cost reductions. Furthermore, all the proposals made in this thesis are validated and designed in collaboration with experts from different fields of industry and have been evaluated through real case studies in public and private projects in collaboration with the aeronautical industry and the logistics sector

Towards the Detection of Promising Processes by Analysing the Relational Data

Business process discovery provides mechanisms to extract the general process behaviour from event observations. However, not always the logs are available and must be extracted from repositories, such as relational databases. Derived from the references that exist between the relational tables, several are the possible combinations of traces of events that can be extracted from a relational database. Dif ferent traces can be extracted depending on which attribute represents the case−id, what are the attributes that represent the execution of an activity, or how to obtain the timestamp to define the order of the events. This paper proposes a method to analyse a wide range of possible traces that could be extracted from a relational database, based on measuring the level of interest of extracting a trace log, later used for a discov ery process. The analysis is done by means of a set of proposed metrics before the traces are generated and the process is discovered. This anal ysis helps to reduce the computational cost of process discovery. For a possible case−id every possible traces are analysed and measured. To validate our proposal, we have used a real relational database, where the detection of processes (most and least promising) are compared to rely on our proposal.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología RTI2018-094283-B-C3

Factores de Riesgo asociados a Enterocolitis Necrotizante en Recién Nacidos ingresados al Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera “La Mascota”, periodo de Enero-Diciembre 2020

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los Factores de Riesgo asociados a Enterocolitis Necrotizante en Recién Nacidos ingresados al Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Infantil Manuel De Jesús Rivera “La Mascota”, periodo de enero- diciembre 2020. La Metodología del estudio es de tipo analíticos, de casos y controles, observacional, corte transversal, enfoque cuantitativo, retrospectivo. Estuvo conformado por todos los Recién Nacidos con el diagnóstico de Enterocolitis Necrotizante (Casos) y con sospecha de Enterocolitis Necrotizante y con Factores de Riesgo a valorar (Controles), el cual será un total de 20 casos y 40 controles a razón de 1:2. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. De las características sociodemográficas predomino el sexo femenino, el grupo etario que prevalecieron fueron los recién nacidos de 8-28 días, de procedencia rural, área de nacimiento hospitalaria, en los controles fueron de procedencia urbana. La asociación de factores de riesgo antropométricos con la ocurrencia de Enterocolitis Necrotizante en los Recién Nacidos estudiados se encontró que los de bajo peso al nacer (<2,500 gr) tienen 31 veces más riesgo de desarrollar ECN. En relación a los factores de riesgo neonatales se encontró 33.2% de los casos estudiados (20 casos) fueron confirmados con Enterocolitis Necrotizante (Estadios IIA, IIB, IIIA Y IIIB) y los controles 66.6% (40 controles) como sospechosos de esta patología (Estadios IA e IB). El método de diagnóstico más empleado fue clínico para diagnosticar la enfermedad, la vía de nacimiento, en los casos predomino la vía abdominal y vaginal en los controles. La asociación de factores de riesgo neonatales predomino la Asfixia Neonatal, presentando 21 veces más riesgo de desarrollar ECN. La Administración de Catárticos Naturales dados en los casos que 7 casos (11.6%) y 21 controles (35%) Te de Anís (40.7%), Te de Culantro (37%) y Flor de Avispa (25.9%) encontrando una fuerza de asociación mayor a 1. Palabras clave: Recién nacido, Enterocolitis Necrotizante, Factor de Riesg

Posición vestíbulo-palatina de primeros molares maxilares permanentes en individuos clase I esqueletal mediante CBCT

Foundations: For Orthodontics the quantitative contribution that can give the inclinations of the teeth at the end of the treatment has relevance, for example, with age, the vestibulum-palatine inclinations of the molars vary in relation to the width of the intermolar arch, where studies indicate that the maxillary and mandibular molars are more vertical while there is an increase in the widths in the intermolar arches. According to the literature, there is little information on the inclination values of the first molars in adult patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate by means of complete skull tomography the degree of vestibulum-palatine inclination of the first maxillary permanent molars in individuals with class I skeletal. Methods: We analyzed 120 ct scans of the complete skull (64 belonging to women and 56 to men) chosen by a sample at convenience by selection criteria. CBCTs (cone beam computed tomography) were obtained using a Newton Tomography GI-EVO Multislice CT scan (Cone Beam). Results: &nbsp;The average of the inclinations in both male and female gender was for the first right upper molar of 94.03° ± 6.64, for the first left upper molar the average was 95.26° ± 5.40. And the overall average vestibulum-palatine inclination of the first right and left upper molar was 94.65° ± 6.02. Therefore, values above 100.67° indicated an oral or vestibular inclination of the upper first molar and values below 88.63° indicated a palatal inclination. &nbsp;Conclusions: The vestibule-palatine inclination of the first maxillary molars was 94.65° with standard deviation ± 6.02, as a reliable measure by the horizontal reference (Frankfurt plane) that indicates the adequate and stable angulation that should have for the completion of an optimal orthodontic treatment.Fundamentos: Para la Ortodoncia el aporte cuantitativo que pueden dar las inclinaciones de los dientes en la finalización del tratamiento tiene relevancia, por ejemplo, con la edad, las inclinaciones vestíbulo-palatinas de los molares varían en relación con el ancho del arco intermolar, donde estudios indican que los molares maxilares y mandibulares son más verticales mientras hay un aumento de los anchos en los arcos intermolares. Según la literatura, es escasa la información de los valores de inclinación de los primeros molares en pacientes adultos. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue investigar mediante tomografías de cráneo completo el grado de inclinación vestíbulo-palatino de los primeros molares permanentes maxilares en individuos con clase I esqueletal. Métodos: Se analizaron 120 tomografías computarizadas de cráneo completo (64 pertenecientes a mujeres y 56 a hombres) escogidas mediante una muestra a conveniencia por criterios de selección. Las CBCT (tomografía computarizada de haz cónico) fueron obtenidas usando un tomógrafo TAC 3D Newton Tomography GI-EVO Multicorte (Cone Beam). Resultados: El promedio de las inclinaciones tanto en género masculino como femenino fue para el primer molar superior derecho de 94,03° ± 6,64, para el primer molar superior izquierdo el promedio fue de 95,26° ± 5,40. Y el promedio general la inclinación vestíbulo-palatina del primer molar superior derecho e izquierdo fue de 94,65° ± 6,02. Por lo tanto, valores superiores a 100,67° indicaron una inclinación bucal o vestibular del primer molar superior y valores menores a 88,63° indicaron una inclinación palatina. Conclusión: La inclinación vestíbulo-palatina de los primeros molares maxilares fue de 94,65° con desviación estándar ± 6,02, como una medida confiable por la referencia horizontal (plano de Frankfurt) que indica la angulación adecuada y estable que debería tener para la finalización de un tratamiento ortodóntico óptimo

Enabling Process Mining in Aircraft Manufactures: Extracting Event Logs and Discovering Processes from Complex Data

Process mining is employed by organizations to completely understand and improve their processes and to detect possible deviations from expected behavior. Process discovery uses event logs as input data, which describe the times of the actions that occur the traces. Currently, Internet-of-Things environments generate massive distributed and not always structured data, which brings about new complex scenarios since data must first be transformed in order to be handled by process min ing tools. This paper shows the success case of application of a solution that permits the transformation of complex semi-structured data of an assembly-aircraft process in order to create event logs that can be man aged by the process mining paradigm. A Domain-Specific Language and a prototype have been implemented to facilitate the extraction of data into the unified traces of an event log. The implementation performed has been applied within a project in the aeronautic industry, and promis ing results have been obtained of the log extraction for the discovery of processes and the resulting improvement of the assembly-aircraft process.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología RTI2018-094283-B-C3

Self-Adaptative Troubleshooting for to Guide Resolution of Malfunctions in Aircraft Manufacturing

The increasing complexity of systems and the heterogeneous origin of the possible malfunctions bring about the necessity of rede ning the troubleshooting processes. Troubleshooting comprises the set of steps for the systematic analysis of the symptoms after the detection of a malfunction. The complexity of certain systems, such as aircraft, means the origin of that malfunction can be any of several reasons, where diagnosis techniques support engineers in determining the reason for the unexpected behaviour. However, derived from the high number of components involved in an aircraft, the list of possible fault origins can be extremely long, and the analysis of every element on the list, until the element responsible is found, can be very time-consuming and error-prone. As an alternative, certain input/output signals can be read to prevent the substitution of a correctly functioning component, by validating its behaviour in an indirect way. In order to optimise the actions to perform, we have identi ed the relevant parts of the model to propose a troubleshooting process to ascertain the signals to read and the components to substitute, while striving to minimise the action cost in accordance with a combination of structural analysis, the probability of malfunction associated to the components, and the cost associated to each extra signal read and component substituted. The proposal has been validated in a system taken from a real scenario obtained in collaboration with the Airbus Defence and Space company. A statistical analysis of the degree of improvement of the troubleshooting process has also been included.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación RTI2018-094283-B-C3

Process Mining to Unleash Variability Management: Discovering Configuration Workflows Using Logs

Variability models are used to build configurators. Configurators are programs that guide users through the configuration process to reach a desired configuration that fulfils user requirements. The same variability model can be used to design different configura tors employing different techniques. One of the elements that can change in a configurator is the configuration workflow, i.e., the order and sequence in which the different configuration elements are presented to the configuration stakeholders. When developing a configurator, a challenge is to decide the configuration workflow that better suites stakeholders according to previous configurations. For example, when configuring a Linux distribution, the configura tion process start by choosing the network or the graphic card, and then other packages with respect to a given sequence. In this paper, we present COnfiguration workfLOw proceSS mIning (COLOSSI), an automated technique that given a set of logs of previous configu rations and a variability model can automatically assist to determine the configuration workflow that better fits the configuration logs generated by user activities. The technique is based on process discovery, commonly used in the process mining area, with an adaptation to configuration contexts. Our proposal is validated us ing existing data from an ERP configuration environment showing its feasibility. Furthermore, we open the door to new applications of process mining techniques in different areas of software product line engineering.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología RTI2018-094283-B-C3

Enabling Process Mining in Airbus Manufacturing : Extracting Event Logs and Discovering Processes from Complex Data

Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología RTI2018-094283-B-C3

Búsqueda de agonistas de PPARγ para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Huntington

La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante que se caracteriza por un deterioro neurológico progresivo. Es uno de los trastornos hereditarios monogénicos más comunes en países occidentales, y el tiempo de supervivencia medio es de 15-20 años tras la manifestación de los primeros síntomas [1]. Actualmente no se ha desarrollado ningún fármaco que permita la remisión de la enfermedad, solo existen tratamientos paliativos. La fisiopatología de esta enfermedad se caracteriza por la acumulación de más de 35 repeticiones de trinucleótidos CAG (cola poliQ) en el gen que codifica para la proteína huntingtina (Htt). La presencia de Htt mutada da lugar a la acumulación de agregados intracelulares tóxicos y a la alteración de diferentes procesos celulares: desregulación de la expresión génica, alteración de la degradación y el plegamiento de proteínas, interrupción de la señalización sináptica y alteración del metabolismo energético, donde tiene un papel importante el receptor nuclear PPARγ [2]. En base a estos procesos, sugerimos dos dianas moleculares que aparecen principalmente alteradas en EH: Htt y PPARγ. Existen fármacos antidiabéticos agonistas de PPARγ que han demostrado efectos neuroprotectores en modelos experimentales de EH, como la Rosiglitazona, retirado por cardiotoxicidad [3]. Por tanto, proponemos iniciar una búsqueda de agonistas de PPARγ mediante la obtención de una colección de nuevas moléculas y la síntesis de compuestos derivados de la Rosiglitazona, con el fin de disminuir su cardiotoxicidad. Estas moléculas se someterían a un cribado de alto rendimiento mediante dos ensayos in vitro: uno de activación de PPARγ, y otro de paso de barrera hematoencefálica. Por último, habría que realizar ensayos preclínicos adicionales para determinar la eficacia y los posibles efectos secundarios de los fármacos seleccionado

Akí- Geo localizadores

Akí geo localizadores es un servicio de localización de personas y mascotas a través de geo localizadores dirigido a padres de familia entre los 26 y 45 años de edad, que pertenecen al nivel socioeconómico A, B y C, los cuales residen en Lima Metropolitana. En el capítulo 2, se exponen detalles sobre los 3 tipos de localizadores, para mascotas, para niños, adultos mayores. Además, podrá se presenta el perfil de equipo de trabajo creador del proyecto. En el capítulo 3, se identifican las oportunidades y amenazas y se presentan las estrategias para competir en el mercado. En el capítulo 4, se expone el diseñó de la propuesta de valor y los gustos, problemas y preferencias del cliente. En el capítulo 5 se exponen el detalle de las estrategias de marketing, el segmento de clientes, así como las proyecciones de ventas y demanda. En el capítulo 6, se detalla los componentes de la inversión total, así como las especificaciones técnicas del servicio. En el capítulo 7, se exponen los objetivos organizacionales, estructura de la empresa y presupuesto de recursos humanos. El capítulo 8, entre otros datos, expone la viabilidad y rentabilidad del proyecto el cual se traduce en una TIR económica de 76.16% y un Van Económico de S/ 179,601 soles.Akí geolocators is a location service for people and pets through geolocators aimed at parents between 26 and 45 years of age, belonging to socioeconomic levels A, B and C, who reside in Metropolitan Lima. In chapter 2, details about the 3 types of locators are exposed, for pets, for children, older adults. In addition, the profile of the work team that created the project may be presented. In Chapter 3, the opportunities and threats are identified and the strategies to compete in the market are presented. In chapter 4, the commitment of the value proposition and the tastes, problems and preferences of the client are exposed. Chapter 5 presents the details of the marketing strategies, the customer segment, as well as the sales and demand projections. Chapter 6 details the components of the total investment, as well as the technical specifications of the service. In chapter 7, the organizational objectives, the structure of the company and the human resources budget are exposed. Chapter 8, among other data, exposes the feasibility and profitability of the project which translates into an economic IRR of 76.16% and an Economic Van of S/ 179,601 soles.Trabajo de investigació